California Comes of Age

The Kern County Oil Industry

1860s to 1890s – Tar Pits and Tunnels

1864 – Tar mined from open pits at Asphalto McKittric on west side of San Joaquin Valley.

• 894 – Old Sunset (Maricopa) part of Midway-Sunset has 16 wells producing 30 barrels of oil per day.

1890s to 1920s – Gushers and Cable Tools

1929 – Blowout prevention equipment becomes mandatory on oil and gas wells drilled in California.

1930s to 1950s – Well Logs, Seismic, and Rotary Drilling

• 1929 – First well logs in California run by Shell in a well near Bakersfield (Kern County).
• 1930 – Deepest well in the world is Standard Mascot #1, rotary drilled to 9,629 feet at Midway-Sunset.
• 1936 – First seismic exploration in California discovers Ten Section field near Bakersfield. Seismic discovery of the productive Paloma and Coles Levee anticlines soon follows
• 1943 – Deepest well in the world is Standard 20-13, drilled to 16,246 feet at South Coles Levee.
• 1953 – Deepest well in the world is Richfield 67-29 drilled to 17,895 feet at North Coles Levee.

1960s to Today – Steam, Horizontal Wells, and Computers

• 1961 – First steam recovery projects in Kern County start up at Kern River and Coalinga fields after a successful pilot by Shell at Yorba Linda field in Los Angeles.
• 1973 – Tule Elk and Yowlumne fields become the last 100-million barrel fields discovered in Kern County.
• 1980 – First horizontal well in Kern County is Texaco Gerard #6 in fractured schist at Edison field.

1985 – Kern County reaches an all-time production high of 256 million barrels of oil/year. At the same time, California reaches an all-time production high of 424 million barrels of oil/year.

1997 – Deepest horizontal well in Kern County is Yolwumne 91X-3 with measured depth of 14,300 feet. However, the well is surpassed only two years later by the relief well for the Bellevue blowout. ]]> http://ownbusiness.de/2009/12/the-history-of-the-oil-industry-2/feed/ 0 http://ownbusiness.de/2009/12/oil/ http://ownbusiness.de/2009/12/oil/#comments Thu, 31 Dec 2009 14:20:24 +0000 admin http://ownbusiness.de/?p=633 An »’oil»’ is any chemical substance|substance that is liquid at room temperature|ambient temperatures and is hydrophobic but soluble in organic solvents. Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are nonpolar substances. The general definition above includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated chemical structures, chemical property|properties and uses, including vegetable oils, petrochemistry|petrochemical oils, and volatile essential oils.  All oils can be traced back to organic sources.

Types

Essential oil
An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants.  An oil is ‘essential’ in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances.

Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction.  They are used in perfumes, cosmetics and bath products, for flavoring food and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products.

Mineral oil
Mineral oils, found in porous rocks underground, originated from organic material, such as dead plankton, accumulated on the seafloor in geologically ancient times. Through various geochemical processes this material was converted to mineral oil, or petroleum, and its components, such as kerosene, [araffin|paraffin waxes, gasoline, Diesel fuel|diesel and such. These are classified as mineral oils because they do not have an organic origin on human timescales, and are instead derived from underground geologic locations, ranging from rocks, to underground traps, to sands.

Other oily substances can also be found in the environment; the most well-known of those is asphalt, occurring naturally underground or, where there are leaks, in tar pits.

Petroleum and other mineral oils (specifically labelled as petrochemicals) have become such a crucial resource to human civilization in modern times they are often referred to by the ubiquitous term of «oil» itself.

Organic oils
Oils are also produced by plants, animals and other organisms through organic chemistry|organic processes, and these oils  are remarkable in their diversity. »Oil» is a somewhat vague term in chemistry; instead the scientific term for oils, fats, waxes, cholesterol and other oily substances found in living things and their secretions, is »lipids».

Lipids, ranging from waxes to steroids, are somewhat hard to characterize, and are united in a group almost solely based on the fact that they all repel, or refuse to dissolve, in water, and are however comfortably miscible in other liquid lipids. They also have a high carbon and hydrogen content, and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals.

Synthetic oils
Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds which are artificially made (synthesized) from compounds other than crude oil (petroleum). Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum, because it generally provides superior mechanical and chemical properties than those found in traditional mineral oils.

By Jess Smee

Oil companies are salivating over the supply of black gold beneath Ecuador’s rainforest. The South American country is pledging to keep the oil in the ground — if the international community provides compensation. Now Germany has taken a leading role in raising the necessary cash.

There are many attributes which make the Yasuni National Park special: It is one of the most bio-diverse places on the planet, it is home to indigenous tribes which hunt and gather in its remote interior, and there’s a unique breed of small bat. But the national park also has a geographic curse: It sits atop Ecuador’s largest known oil reserve, thought to contain hundreds of millions of barrels.

And this potential fortune threatens its very future. In response, Ecuador has come up with an unusual plan to safeguard the UNESCO biosphere Reserve. The cash-strapped South American country has pledged to leave the oil in the ground forever — something unheard of among oil nations — if the international community compensates for some of the lost income.

The scheme, which was first mooted by Ecuadorian President Raphael Correa more than a year ago, got off to a slow start. By the end of the year the country extended its self-imposed deadline, in a last ditch bid to rally international support. Meanwhile, international oil giants were queuing to exploit the supply of black gold.

But now, all of a sudden, the ball seems to be rolling. Following a two-day visit by the Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Fander Falconí to Berlin, Germany had positioned itself at «the forefront of the initative,» the Ministry for Economic Cooperation said.

However, officials urged caution on a newspaper report which said Germany would pay $50 million (€36 million) into a yet-to-be-established international fund. «There will be emphatically no financial promises. The conversation in the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development focused on the framework of the project and also on the efforts that Ecuador itself has to make,» Stephan Bethe, spokesman for the ministry, told SPIEGEL ONLINE.

He stressed that Ecuador’s idea had caught Berlin’s imagination: «It offers a new approach to rainforests and, from the perspective of development politics, it is very promising,» Bethe said. «Combining climate protection and fighting poverty will play a growing role in the future.»

Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Falconí told the German daily Die Tageszeitung that Germany had pledged «the first significant contribution» to a yet-to-be-created international fund. The paper reported that Ecuador was pushing Germany to pay up within one month.

Hat in Hand

Ecuador estimates that by leaving the oil untouched, some 410 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions will be averted. Oil is Ecuador’s most important export, generating around a third of its income. With the value of the untapped supply under the Yasuni National Park estimated at some $6 billion, the country argues it has little option but to approach international donors, hat in hand.

Environmentalists welcomed the plan as a way to save Ecuador’s rainforest from destruction. Preventing forests from disappearing is a vital element in the fight against climate change as they absorb huge quantities of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Still, doubts lingered about the Ecuador model. Tobias Riedl from Greenpeace Germany’s Forest Campaign warned that the scheme was far from perfect. «It is a double-edged sword. While we welcome moves to save this unique environment, the fact is that all rainforests need to be saved, regardless of whether they lie on valuable natural resources or not,» he told SPIEGEL ONLINE.

«There needs to be a broader move with industrialized nations paying money into a fund to save these forests. Preservation of these bio-diverse areas comes at a price.»

Meanwhile, environmental groups are looking to the Copenhagen Climate summit in December which aims to hammer out a new United Nations accord to replace the Kyoto Protocols which expire in 2012. Riedl remained upbeat, despite mounting signs that worldwide climate negotiations are stalling: «We expect to see how the preservation of forests can be brought into a new climate protection framework,» he said. «That is a step in the right direction.»

But there is a long way to go. Greenpeace estimates that €30 billion are needed to secure the future of the rainforests worldwide. And with 80 percent of all ancient forests (including rainforests) worldwide already gone, the clock is ticking. And Ecuador knows it.